Grammar

Those Pesky Commas

When and where do you put them?

The answer, of course, is it all depends. However, never forget the old adage:  When in doubt, leave out.

But there are some hard and fast rules, you need to keep in mind. One is the use of connecting conjunctions, such as and, but, or, nor, for and yet, with independent and dependent clauses.

Independent clauses stand alone and include subjects and verbs. We are visiting Washington. We also plan a side trip to Williamsburg. If put together, they need a comma. We are visiting Washington, and we also plan a side trip to Williamsburg.

Though, a comma is not required if the independent clauses are short and joined by one of the conjunctions. I’ll go this way and you go that way.

However, when an independent clause is joined with a dependent clause, such as a clause with an understood subject (we as in this sentence), no comma is necessary. We are visiting Washington and plan to see the White House.

Non-essential clauses (not essential to the meaning of the sentence according to the author’s intent) are set off by commas. Example: Reporters, who do not read the stylebook, should not criticize their editors.

Long introductory clauses or phrases, need commas. (Remember a phrase is a group of words without a subject or verb.) Above the sidewalk and around the bend, there sits a thicket of trees.

Introductory words – yes and no – require commas. Yes, I will be there. In addition, use commas after a direct address like Mother, I …

Commas in a simple series are disputed. Some grammar books suggest a comma before the last conjunction. My Associated Press Stylebook requires none. The flag is red, white and blue.

A comma is needed after an introductory direct quote. Wallace said, “She spent …” But a direct quote of more than one sentence, a colon is required. And, place a comma after dialogue tags. “Say,” she added, “wouldn’t you like to have your picture taken?” Note: Commas always go inside quotation marks, according to my stylebook.

Place commas after an individual’s age. Maude Findlay, 48, … Use commas also after hometowns and states. Omaha, Nebraska. AP guidelines use abbreviations for states in journalist writing and require a comma after them. Example:  Maude Findlay, 48, Omaha, Neb., arrived today.

Well, one more thing. Two adjectives before a noun of equal weight require a comma. Thoughtful, precise person … Otherwise, hyphen the adjectives before the noun, such as an easy-remembered rule, except these really are not easily remembered. My suggestion is have several grammar books at your workplace and always have someone versed in grammar proofread your manuscript.

Also, don’t forget to place commas in numbers. When you make your first 200,000 sales, thank the Lord for your success and as always God bless.

Categories: Editing & Rewriting, General Writing, Grammar | Tags: , , ,

Committed to…. Changing?

“Charles’s favorite book, the one about Claudius’s epic quest to destroy Carlos’s magic hat, is missing.”

For the last thrity years I’ve had sentences like that corrected. No, not because it’s long and confusing, but because of all the ‘s –  but no more!

I am vindicated!

Okay, not really vindicated, but they have “changed the rules”, as they do periodically.  Or at least, the The Chicago Manual of Style: 16th Edition has.  According to Mary Keeley of the Books & Such Literary Agency, the goal was on consistency with this edition, hence the final vindication of the possessive ‘s’ after names that end in ‘s’.  There were lots of other changes, too. Commas can now follow other punctuation (how would that work?), website is one word, prepositions in headlines are now always lowercase, no matter the importance of the word, and more.

What’s my opinion on it? Hm. They say that as writer’s we should keep up on every subtle change in order to show our commitment to our readers and our craft. I don’t mean to diminish the importance of good grammar or punctuation, but I wonder how many average readers buy – or read - The Chicago Manual of Style? Is it a commitment to our readers and our craft, or a commitment to proving to the other authors/industry people that we’re “with it”? After all, how many average readers  would know whether website had been officially ruled one word or two? Until you read this, did you?

You can read the rest of the article here: http://www.booksandsuch.biz/blog/news-from-conferences-grammar-shrammar/

(Special thanks to Barbara G. Tarn for finding the link to this article!)

Categories: Grammar, The Reader | Tags: , , , , ,

In Defense of those Naughty Words

This post originally appeared on my blog Check it out if you want. By the way my name is Mari Miniatt and this is my first post here. I will tell you more about myself later.

For the rest of this post. I will substitute a letter and @ for the swear word. Just to be nice.

“Lose the swears.”

That is another oft repeated suggestion, by beta readers, editors, other concerned people. But just that, nothing to back it up. Again, if I was given a good reason why, I would reconsider.

Lets explore why I don’t mind having those words. My first draft of Fledgling did not have them. But the first time you met Vincent, after Beka stumbled in on his feeding. His line was “That was unforeseen.”

In the novel it is: “That was a f@ up.”

Which says more about his character. He’s blue-collar, he grew up working in the rougher part of town, and he owns a bar.  Which one makes more sense to hear? The second one.

Using swears should be a reflection on the character, not the writer. With one exception, as an example.

There are long discussions with Christian writers about whether to use swears or not, even if the character would in real life. That is a harder call, because if they are writing in a Christian genre, there is a big chance they will turn off many potential readers, if they use “those words”.

So if you are writing in a genre which swearing would be allowed, or at the least the readers really won’t mind. How much is too much? I try not to have my characters swear too much, depends who they are talking to, and where they are talking. The same things you consider when you are talking in public.

But what if swearing could be used to show how uncouth a character is? Great example is a character of mine, waiting in the wings, in the rough drafts. Perun. Like Vincent his first line has the f-bomb. He likes that word. But he is a wild man (really a Wild Man, look up Wikipedia). By his very nature, he is just outside of society. Social rules do not apply to him. So I let him swear worse than a sailor.

Then I read the rough draft.

Too much. I cut back on the swearing, but he still has the most colorful language of all my characters.

How much is too much? This is a real life example, heard many years ago at a main bus stop.

“So I says to him, what the f@, you know what I saying. And he goes, f@ I don’t know, you know, f@. I was get the f@ out of my f@ing face, f@. And he is don’t be like that you f@er. Whoa, f@. Like f@?”

Yes, I wrote it down after I heard it. It was the first time I had heard f@ used as punctuation. But as you read that, didn’t you get sick of reading the word? And there is your clue. If you are reading the rough draft and say to yourself, wow that is a lot. Cut them back.

And the type of swearing says a lot as well. Steopa only swears in Russian, or Lithuanian. Ogden will let some old time ones fly, ie. “Jumping Jehoshaphat!”

Those of you that read Misery, or seen the movie. Stephan King did a wonderful characterization with Anne, most of her swears were the substitutes, golly, darn, etc. But then when she does get very angry, the real ones start to fly, and they become frightening.

If you can defend and define a character, by letting them swear, do it. But like in the real world example above, too much swearing can turn off a reader. Use it as a powerful spice, only enough to flavor the scene, not take it over.

Categories: Grammar | Tags: ,

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